Domain specific software design for decision aiding

McDonnell Aircraft Company (MCAIR) is involved in many large multi-discipline design and development efforts of tactical aircraft. These involve a number of design disciplines that must be coordinated to produce an integrated design and a successful product. Our interpretation of a domain specific software design (DSSD) is that of a representation or framework that is specialized to support a limited problem domain. A DSSD is an abstract software design that is shaped by the problem characteristics. This parallels the theme of object-oriented analysis and design of letting the problem model directly drive the design. The DSSD concept extends the notion of software reusability to include representations or frameworks. It supports the entire software life cycle and specifically leads to improved prototyping capability, supports system integration, and promotes reuse of software designs and supporting frameworks. The example presented in this paper is the task network architecture or design which was developed for the MCAIR Pilot's Associate program. The task network concept supported both module development and system integration within the domain of operator decision aiding. It is presented as an instance where a software design exhibited many of the attributes associated with DSSD concept

Initial Public Offerings (IPOs)

As an investor, the first rule is to never get caught up in your emotions. There are thousands of different (exciting) investment opportunities in today’s world, and some of them tend to be a bit riskier than others. These consist of stocks, bonds, certificates of deposit, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds, and several others. However, where do most of these investment tools originate? In order for a stock to be publicly traded on the stock exchange, it must undergo what it called an initial public offering (which I will refer to as an IPO). Since the primary objective is to raise capital, the original shareholders/owners of the company agree to sell part of their shares to outside investors in order to fund objectives of the firm

The utlization [sic] of New Urbanism in local land use planning : a case study of the Township Concept in Cherokee County, Georgia.

This study examines the utilization of New Urbanism concepts into the Comprehensive Land Use Plan in Cherokee County, GA. Specifically, the study addresses the impact of the Township Concept in Cherokee County that was presented as a development model in Cherokee County\u27s 2017 Comprehensive Plan. The study was conducted as a case study and included a literature review, research of local government records, and interviews of persons who played a significant role in the development and implementation of the Township Concept. The initiation and implementation of Township Planning Process in three individual communities were specifically researched. The study also looks at the overall political impact of the Township Concept and it\u27s future viability as a land use policy for Cherokee County. While Townships were proposed for fourteen different communities in the 2017 Comprehensive Plan, only two were officially established. Two Township Planning efforts failed in part due to the negative opinions many citizens had towards the Township Concept and because of the divisiveness that ensued within those communities during the Township Planning Process. Many of the negative attitudes expressed towards the Township Concept can be attributed to certain misunderstandings of the Township Concept, lack of education regarding the Township Concept, and in part to the values and preferences of many of the County\u27s citizens which conflicted with the principles of New Urbanism. The experiences of the failed Township Planning efforts would play a significant part in the loss of political and public support for the Township Concept. A shift in the political makeup of the County would eventually lead to public policy decisions that would virtually eliminate the proposed Townships from the Future Land Use Map and the Township Concept in general

Ohio Agribusiness Compensation Study: 1986

Exact date of working paper unknown.Information about competitive wage and compensation packages is important to attracting and maintaining a productive workforce. A 1986 survey of compensation practices of Ohio Agribusiness firms revealed that bonuses and profit-sharing plans play a more important role in determining pay level than they did in 1982. Larger firms, measured by gross annual sales, still pay more than smaller firms; but trends by geographic location are not as distinct as they were in 1982. Non-managerial agribusiness employees still earn less than their metropolitan counterparts, but the gap is decreasing

Ulcerative C2 neurocutaneous dysesthesia (trigeminal trophic syndrome in an alternative distribution)

Trigeminal trophic syndrome is an uncommon condition characterized by paresthesia, itch, and self-inflicted wounds following the trigeminal dermatome(s). Similar processes adhering to cervical nerve distributions have been reported, calling into question the specificity of trigeminal trophic syndrome for the trigeminal network. Herein, we report patient with trigeminal trophic syndrome adhering to the C2 dermatome, a previously unreported distribution

Schockwellensynthese und Charakterisierung von Aluminiumnitrid mit Kochsalzstruktur

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Ergebnisse der Synthese und Charakterisierung der Hochdruckphase von Aluminiumnitrid mit Kochsalzstruktur (rs-AlN). Die Versuche wurden mittels Schockwellensynthese unter Verwendung der „flyer-plate-Methode“ mit anschließender Probenrückgewinnung durchgeführt. Für verschiedene Aluminiumnitridpulver mit einer Ausgangsporosität k = rho_solid/rho_porous von 1,5 bis 2,5 wurde bei einem Druck von 15 bis 43 GPa die Phasenumwandlung von der Wurtzitstruktur (w-AlN) in die Kochsalzstruktur (rs-AlN) bewirkt. Es ist damit erstmals gelungen, rs-AlN mit dynamischen HP-HT-Methoden herzustellen und damit Probenmengen im Milligramm- bis Grammbereich zu erhalten. Dadurch ist es möglich Untersuchungen durchzuführen, die zur weiteren Erforschung und Charakterisierung des Materials beitragen sollen. Im Fokus liegen dabei insbesondere die Untersuchung der mechanischen, thermischen und chemischen Stabilität, um die Eignung des Materials zur Herstellung ultraharter Komposite zu evaluieren. Die geschockten Pulver bestehen aus einem Phasengemisch aus dem Ausgangsmaterial (w-AlN), der Hochdruckphase (rs-AlN), Aluminiumoxid und -oxynitriden, sowie amorphen Aluminiumhydroxiden. Die höchste Ausbeute an rs-AlN (~41 Ma% bei 2 mm Probenhöhe) kann bei Drücken von 24 GPa und einer Ausgangsporosität k von 2,1 erhalten werden. Anhand dem Auftreten verschiedener Al-O-N Phasen kann die Schocktemperatur für die einzelnen Versuche abgeschätzt werden (45 nm) kein rs-AlN in den geschockten Proben nachgewiesen werden konnte. Es wird ein Stabilisierungsmechanismus der Kochsalzstruktur durch Kristallitgrößeneffekte vorhergesagt. Die Verringerung der Kristallitgröße führt zur Herabsetzung des Umwandlungsdrucks w-AlN -> rs-AlN. Es lässt sich daher schlussfolgern, dass für kleinere Partikel die Hochdruckmodifikation aufgrund der geringeren Entfernung vom chemischen Gleichgewicht bei Normalbedingungen stabilisiert werden kann, wohingegen für größere Kristallite die Rückwandlung in die Ausgangsphase geschieht. Weitere Stabilisierungsmechanismen wurden diskutiert. Mithilfe einer Rietveld-Verfeinerung der Röntgendiffraktogramme wurde die Gitterkonstante des rs-AlN mit a = 4,044 ± 0,001 Å und die Kristallitgröße mit 15,3 ± 0,2nm bestimmt. Die mittels hoch-aufgelöster Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie (TEM) bestimmte Kristallitgröße (10 bis 20 nm) ist in guter Übereinstimmung mit den Ergebnissen der Rietveld-Verfeinerung. Mit 27Al Kernspinresonanzspektroskopie (NMR) wurde die oktaedrische Al–N-Umgebung (AlN6) mit einer korrigierten chemischen Verschiebung von 2 ppm nachgewiesen. Anhand der IR-Spektren wird eine Al–N-Schwingungsbande des rs-AlN bei ca. 490 cm−1 vermutet. Dynamisch-thermische Untersuchungen zeigen, dass nanokristallines rs-AlN bei 600 °C beginnt zu Aluminiumoxid zu oxidieren und damit keine größere Beständigkeit im Vergleich zum w-AlN zeigt. Die thermisch aktivierte Rückwandlung des rs-AlN in die Niederdruckphase wurde ab 1200 °C (in Argon) bzw. 1100 °C (im Vakuum) bei einer Heizrate von 10 K/min beobachtet. Eine gute chemische Beständigkeit des Aluminiumnitrid mit Kochsalzstruktur gegenüber Wasser, Natronlauge und Säuren (HCl, H2SO4, H3PO4, HNO3 und Königswasser) wurde in Langzeit-Löslichkeitsversuchen nachgewiesen.:1. Einleitung 2. Grundlagen 3. Methoden und experimentelle Details 4. Ergebnisse 5. Diskussion 6. Schlussfolgerungen und AusblickIn the present work the results of the synthesis and characterisation of the high-pressure phase of aluminium nitride with rocksalt structure (rs-AlN) are presented. The experiments were carried out with the flyer-plate-method with subsequently sample recovery. For different aluminium nitride powders with starting porosities k = rho_solid/rho_porous of 1.5 to 2.5 the phase transition from wurtzite structure (w-AlN) to the rocksalt structure (rs-AlN) was induced at a pressure of 15 to 43 GPa. This is to our knowledge the first succesful synthesis of rs-AlN with dynamic HP-HT methods. With this advance, samples in the milligram or gram range can be produced. Therefore further investigations to characterise the material are possible, especially the study of the mechanical, thermal and chemical stability to validate the potential for the production of ultrahard composites. The shocked samples consist of a phase mixture from the starting material (w-AlN), the high-pressure phase (rs-AlN), aluminium oxide and oxynitrides, as well as amorphous aluminium hydroxides. The highest yield of rs-AlN (~41 wt% at 2 mm sample height) can be obtained at a pressure of 24 GPa and a starting porosity k of 2.1. The shock temperature can be estimated by the formation of different Al-O-N phases (<1700 °C to <2000 °C). The phase transition is activated by the raise of temperature due to shock compression. A thermal activated reconversion to the low-pressure phase w-AlN caused by a high post-shock temperature and a slow cooling of the sample is postulated as a contrary process. This results in an optimum temperature of 1700 to 1900 °C for this set-up. A decrease of the sample height increases the influence of multiple reflections and therefore causes a better transformation. A partial conversion to rs-AlN was observed for three nanopowders (crystallite size 45 nm) no rs-AlN could be found in the shocked samples. A stabilisation mechanism of the rocksalt phase by crystallite size effects is predicted. The reduction of the crystallite size causes a decrease of the transition pressure for w-AlN -> rs-AlN. It can be concluded, that for smaller particles the high-pressure phase can be stabilised at ambient conditions on the basis of the smaller distance from equilibrium, whereas for larger particles the reconversion to the low-pressure phase occurs. By a Rietveld refinement of the X-ray diffractograms, the lattice constant of rs-AlN and the crystallite size was determined to be a = 4.044 ± 0.001 Å respectively 15.3 ± 0.2 nm. The crystallite size of rs-AlN (10 to 20 nm) determined with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is in good agreement with the results of the Rietveld refinement. The octahedral Al–Npolyhedral (AlN6) was demonstrated by 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) with a corrected chemical shift of 2 ppm. Based on infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) an AlN vibration band at about 490 cm−1 is assumed. Dynamic thermal analysis show, that the rs-AlN starts to oxidise to alumina at 600 °C and thus have no greater resistance in comparison with w-AlN. The thermal activated reconversion of rs-AlN to the low-pressure phase starts at 1200 °C (in argon) respectively 1100 °C (under vacuum) at a heating rate of 10 K/min. The aluminium nitride with rocksalt structure shows a good chemical resistance against water, caustic soda and acids (HCl, H2SO4, H3PO4, HNO3 and aqua regia).:1. Einleitung 2. Grundlagen 3. Methoden und experimentelle Details 4. Ergebnisse 5. Diskussion 6. Schlussfolgerungen und Ausblic